Ticket Scalping

In one of our recent classes we discussed price discrimination and the topic of ticket scalping came up.  This was interesting because Professor Tufte said economist do not have a good answer on whether venues should or shouldn't allow this practice.

This past summer I was in San Diego with my wife. The main purpose was of our trip was to attend the San Diego Zoo on day 1 and Sea World on day 2. We were done at the zoo around 5:30 pm and decided to drive to Petco Park to watch the Padres play the Pirates where there was an abundance of tickets available. Our plan was to purchase $15 tickets for seats in right field but as we were walking from our car to the box office we found a ticket scalper and bought tickets from him. The tickets we purchased had a face value of $90 each and we bought 2 of them for $60 total. 

So what did Petco Park lose by my purchase of tickets from a third party? I purchased the $10 bottomless soda cup, $4 popcorn bucket, four $4 hotdogs, $25 dollar t-shirt for my wife, and a $30 hat for myself. Petco Park lost $30 on ticket sales and $30-$50 in additional purchases I would have made at the ball park had I not purchased $60 tickets from a third party.

Another example of third party ticket sales is from when I went to the Jimmy Buffet concert at MGM Grand in Las Vegas last month.  The concert was sold out and we had 2 extra tickets which we were able to resale.

What did MGM Grand and Jimmy Buffet lose? I would argue that MGM and Jimmy Buffet did not lose or gain on my resale of the tickets.  The venue had received their asking price for the 2 seats and therefore could not receive any additional income.

After these two experiences of third party ticket sales, the best answer I have is: it depends.  

JOBS - Not Steve, The $7.25 Kind

Nearly 48 million (15%) of American citizens are struggling to survive below the poverty line.  In 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed to stimulate the economy and lift Americans out of poverty.  Had the act taken inflation into consideration, minimum wage would now sit near $10.76 per hour.

There are many, but one reason the change has not occurred is a fear that those receiving the increase are teenagers or secondary providers.  Current 2013 statistics show that an estimated 84% of beneficiaries are over 20 years old - far from perfect, but not bad.

Worse yet, is the fear of an overall job loss.  Nobel Prize winning economist Paul Krugman stated that these negative effects would be minimal, referring to an increase in minimum wage.  If it is true that poorer individuals spend more of their income than do the wealthy out of necessity, an increase in wage should lead to increased consumer spending and growth.

With no added costs to tax payers, maybe it is time to help millions of full-time American workers out of poverty level incomes.

Cash for Clunkers was a Lemon

According to this recent article on Foxnews.com, the Cars Allowance Rebate System (CARS), also know as the "Cash for Clunkers" program, that was introduced by the government a few years ago has fallen quite short of its anticipated impact on the environment and to the economy.  The program offered an amount from $3,500 - 4,500 off the price of a new car if it had a higher fuel economy than the owner's current car to be traded in.

The government spent nearly $3 billion on this initiative only to find that the results were far less significant than expected.  Not only was the total emissions reduction not substantial, but the overall impact on the automotive industry and the economy as a whole was somewhat of a bust.  Further analysis of the CARS initiative shows that many of the sales of new cars were simply pulled forward from a future date in which the sale would have been made anyway.  So the demand curve for new cars would have shifted to the right in the short run, but then would have reverted back to the left in the long run which would have basically equaled the same net result without the program.

The article also discusses the impact of employment and job creation in the short-term, which according to the author, could have been realized through tax cuts to employers' and employees' payroll taxes.  If anything, we can see that billion dollar initiatives don't always have the long-term impact that they're touted to have at the time of implementation.

Ticket Prices for the World Series

The professional baseball league in the United States is currently in the championship round.  This round is known as the World Series.  To win the championship, a team needs to win four games before the other team wins four games.  This year, the St. Louis Cardinals and the Boston Red Sox are competing for the championship, and after four games, the series was tied 2-2.  Game 5 was played in St. Louis, where the Red Sox held on to an early lead and won the game.  Game 6 will be played in Boston, and the Red Sox now have a 3-2 advantage in the series, needing only one more game to clinch the championship.  I found an interesting article that discusses the rapid fluctuation in ticket prices for this upcoming game.  This article is entitled “Record prices for Game 6 tickets.”

According to the article, the price of the lowest class of seats increased by $275 from the beginning to the end of Game 5, due to the likelihood that Boston would win this game and then have the opportunity to finish the series in Game 6.  The most expensive seats that were sold in this frenzy were upwards of $24,000 per seat.  The opportunity to see a team win a championship has drastically changed the demand curve for ticket prices, which, according to the article, are now on par with the 2013 Super Bowl.  In this situation, the demand for baseball tickets is in the inelastic range, as a sharp increase in ticket prices has not decreased quantity demanded at nearly the same rate.  In a situation like this, is the price too high, or is a fan’s love of the game and/or team enough to overcome the much higher ticket prices?

Perhaps an important factor to consider is the supply side of this upcoming game.  The baseball stadium has fewer than 40,000 seats available (To compare, an average NFL stadium can hold roughly 70,000, according to a chart on the website “Stadiums of Pro Football”).  This restricted supply, has contributed to make the demand inelastic and cause record prices for a World Series game.  Another factor that would help is the secondary ticket sales market, which include individual scalpers and institutionally-aided sales though sites such as StubHub.  These secondary sales help to price-discriminate and consequently capture more consumer surplus.

Again, the upcoming game is Game 6.  If St. Louis were to win and force a Game 7 (which would also be in Boston), the ticket prices could be impacted even more.

Chinese Moviegoers Prefer Local Films to Hollywood's

     A recent article on Bloomberg Business Week titled “Chinese Moviegoers Prefer Local Films to Hollywood's” discusses three different market supply curves: theaters, local films, and foreign films.  As one could guess, theaters are compliments to both local and foreign films.  However, local and foreign films are substitutes.  The article noted that since 2008 theaters supplied to rural areas has tripled, hence shifting the market supply curve for theaters to the right.  Was this a smart move?  It appears so.  In 2013 alone there was a 45.8 percent increase in revenue and box office receipts.  This would mean the demand curve also shifted to the right for theaters.  The question then to ask would be, “Which market capitalized on this demand increase, local or foreign films?”  Of the 45.8 revenue increase in 2013, 42 percent was in local films while 3.8 percent was in foreign films. 

     Why did local films capitalize on so much of the new demand?  The author is underneath the opinion that the demand shift for local films is due in part to rural Chinese citizens preferring to view local films rather than foreign films.  This makes sense since local film makers understand their culture better than foreigners and can capitalize more on Chinese humor and culture while making their movies.  They also don’t have to deal with language barriers as do foreign films.  The author also indicates that any foreign films shown in China have to be approved by Chinese officials.  This could become a lengthy process and could create additional costs to Hollywood.  This bias by Chinese officials may also result in poorer quality movie than anticipated and could create lower demand for foreign films.

     The first sentence of the article also mentions that new regulation had taken effect in China that Chinese officials would now accept more foreign films into their country than before.  This new regulation has the potential of shifting the supply curve to the right for foreign films.  The question to ask would be, “Should Hollywood take advantage of this new regulation?”  To help answer that question Hollywood should find out if there would be a sufficient enough shift in the demand curve for foreign films to justify supplying more movies, or if they would supply more at a lower price.  With that being said, “What do you think?” 

             

Source: Palmeri, Christopher. Chinese Moviegoers Prefer Local Films to Hollywood’s. Bloomberg Business Week. Oct. 24, 2013. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-10-24/chinese-moviegoers-prefer-local-films-to-hollywoods.

Shutdown is Latest Challenge for Small Firms

According to this article in the Wall Street Journal, the government shutdown is just one of many troublesome obstacles small firms have been faced with. With museum doors and park gates back open, and federal money for preschool programs flowing once again, one must remember to consider the long run repercussions of the two week federal hiatus, especially on the struggling small businesses of America. Budget cuts and market uncertainties are leading dropping revenues and ultimately layoffs, and in some cases, employees are voluntarily leaving in fear of the questionable future which makes it difficult to retain a talented and skilled workforce.

The SBA reported that there has been an 8% decline in contracts awarded to small firms from the federal government because they are consistently looking for a "lower price" rather than the best value when purchasing. Another trending disadvantage to small companies is increased competition among the number of firms allowed to bid on contracts and an increase in paperwork to prove compliance with the growing list of federal requirements. Ultimately the time and labor that is put in to preparing the proposals increased by more than 150 hours or the equivalent of 1-2 additional employees. This demonstrates that in the short and long run, average and total costs are increasing without the guarantee that the contracts will be fulfilled. This is encouraging layoffs of skilled employees, diminishing the quality of work, and requiring small firms to attempt to remain competitive by seeking work in the private sector and abroad.

Cheaper Sugar Sends Candy Makers Abroad

According to the Wall Street Journal, the U.S dropped sugar prices by 50% in the last two years but it is not enough for some domestic companies to continue productions of its sugary sweets at home. The beloved Jelly Belly Candy co. is a case in point. Jelly Bell only sells 20% of its sugary sweetness abroad but the company is expanding its foreign production in Thailand, the fourth largest sugar producer, in order to gain access to cheaper sugar. In addition to expanding foreign productions, the company had to increase the price of its candy over the last 10 years in order to account for the higher sugar prices in the U.S.

The U.S currently has a price floor on sugar and limits imports. The article states that “sugar users say the protections inflate wholesale prices, hurt profit margins and sap the competitiveness of U.S candy makers in the global market.” On the global scale, average sugar prices are nearly half the average price of U.S sugar. Defenders of the price policy say, “without the current U.S policy, 90% of the 142,000 sugar-growing and processing jobs in the U.S would be in danger…” With more companies choosing to expand their productions abroad, what will be the implications for the domestic sugar industry? And how will the U.S react?

Trick or Treat: The End of Chocolate

If you have a sweet tooth for chocolate, you may want to start stockpiling your favorite goodies. According to a recent NBC news article, raw material costs for a 3.5 ounce chocolate bar have risen 28% this year alone. This is partly due to adverse weather and agricultural regulations in West African countries where cocoa beans are produced, but also because of increases in the price for other ingredients such as milk powder. The theory of supply suggests the changes in these non-price determinants will cause an inward (left) shift in the supply curve, raising the price and possibly creating a shortage of the beloved confection.

Adding more concern to the pending worldwide chocolate crisis is the increase in demand from emerging markets. Forecasts predict a 21% increase in demand for chocolate in India by 2018, and an astonishing 45% increase in Russia by 2016. As the article states, "People are prepared to pay 70 pounds ($113) per kilogram (2.2 pounds) for chocolate." In order for consumers to continue indulging in their favorite sweet, producers may have to increase fillers and use imitation flavoring to contain costs. For those of us who will eat nothing but the best, we may find real chocolate becomes a luxury item, and a scarce one at that.  

The Economics of Solar Installations

When businesses provide consumers with a good or service they can unintentional enrich or hurt third parties. These unintentional economic boons and hardships are termed externalities. The energy market is no exception to this creating mostly negative externalities through pollution. More specifically this market creates a large portion of the world's CO2 output.

Most economists believe that the cost/benefit of these externalities should be placed upon those who take part in the transaction. The argument starts in how these externalities are placed upon the market. For example some suggest that through property rights pollution  can be controlled while others suggest direct taxation and others regulation. Each way has distinct strengths and weaknesses. Whether or not it is right the energy market's externalities have been mostly controlled through taxation and regulation for the past few decades.

The problem with externalities and placing them on a market is that it is sometimes difficult to ascertain an exact monetary amount. This is the case with the energy market. Scientists disagree on the effects of greenhouse gasses alone without even discussing the cost. With that in mind let's consider solar power. 

Solar power has long been lauded for its pollution free energy production; however, solar supplies less than half a percent of all US demand. This is due to solar's variability and cost. It is not economically viable when considering the buyer and seller alone. This could change if the externalities were completely placed on the energy market. In a recent scholarly article produced at Berkeley they discuss the current problems of solar as well as delve into the economics of solar energy. Here is the link: The Economics of Solar Electricity.

Whether or not these externalities are placed on the market may ultimately be a moot point. New technologies are being invented every year to tackle the price delta of solar vs. conventional. A recent power plant in Arizona uses the idea of concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) and removes the substrate from the equation. This plant uses parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunshine on oil that then heats either water or salt. The water powers a steam turbine while the salt holds the potential heat energy in reserve. The potential energy is used whenever output does not meet or exceed demand. This type of power plant solved the costly dilemma of having to have a reserve gas or coal plant for use during the night or when a cloud blocks out the sun. Here is NPR's article on that plant: In Ariz., A Solar Plant That Powers 70,000 Homes Day Or Night.

Will the Fed's Continue to Spend?

As successor of Ben Bernanke, chairman of the Federal Reserve, Janet Yellen is predicted to continue the Federal Reserve’s spending policies to keep the economy stable.  The Economist this month rendered a clear picture for the Federal Reserve’s plan going forward with respect to QE.  With government shutdown on our minds, this article has come in a timely manner.

The concept of QE is simple, bottom line- it pumps money into the US economy to help keep interest and unemployment rates low.  On the contrary, this adds to the deficit that the government has been griping about over the past couple of weeks.  Looking forward- Does the Federal Reserve necessarily need to keep to its current spending policy to lead the economy along or should they let the invisible hand guide the US markets course? 

Today's space race...

A recent Space.com article discusses American company SpaceX and their competitive strategic outlook.  The article isn't focused on the details or status of sending astronauts to the Moon or Mars, but on launching and deploying payloads, such as satellites, into low earth orbit.  This is the space equivalent of today's long haul truckers.  In the early 1980's, the US government was responsible for launching most commercial satellites into orbit, but has given up that position and launched only 2 of 38 during 2011 and 2012, according to the article.  

SpaceX has entered the market competing head to head with China, Russia, and Europe, hoping to be able offer a better product value, thus increasing consumer surplus above what is currently received from the competitors.  As demand continues to increase for space payloads, they are banking on the fact that they will be more efficient, provide better service, or in some way be able to gain a significant portion of the precious 20 - 25 launches per year.  As the price to launch cargo is driven downward, no doubt the demand for additional launches will increase.  If space budgets significantly change or new technology changes the need for space equipment, among other factors, anticipate the demand curve to shift.

Netflix, Coming Soon to the Cable TV Box?

According to BusinessWeek.com, Cable companies are toying with the idea of having Netflix, one of their major competitors, make its video streaming service available through their cable boxes. The online streaming king already made similar deals with a UK cable provider, Virgin, to offer its video streaming in their TiVo boxes.

The article states that “Netflix is arguably the biggest reason why people feel inspired to cancel their cable subscriptions” So why should cable companies welcome Netflix? The integration of Netflix on cable boxes seems like a threat, but it is also an opportunity for the cable companies. According to the article, If cable companies incorporate Netflix on their cable boxes, the cable companies can charge the user a mark-up on the Netfix service or the cable companies can charge a usage fee for how much the user is online (i.e the Netflix streaming). Either way it would be win-win situation for Netflix and the cable companies.

Two Brands Likely to Disappear in 2014

In the endless ebb and flow of markets and new businesses there are constantly casualties along the way.  It’s estimated that approximately 50% of businesses fail in the first five years.  Many, if not all of those businesses ever gain any real national brand recognition and thus, very few even know when the company has closed its doors.   Each year however, there are a handful of well-known established companies who are either forced out of the market or are required to make dramatic changes in their image.  There are a plethora of reasons why this happens but, almost without exception, the root cause is embedded in simple economic principles.  This blog post (based on a 24/7 Wall St. article) will expose two companies likely to close their doors in the coming years and will discuss the likely economic principles behind why. 

First, let’s briefly explore the camera industry and in particular, Olympus.  Years ago, when the concept of putting a camera on your cell phone first emerged, this idea was a very low threat to the digital camera industry.  Not only was the quality of the image horrible, but there was virtually no easy way to extract the image from the phone.  As a result, demand for digital cameras soared, providing ample room in the industry for a number of competitors.  The passage of time however, has brought with it more sophisticated technology which allows users to both capture and share images anytime, anywhere.  As a result, worldwide unit sales of digital cameras are down 18% in 2012. Ironically, Olympus seems to not have seen this coming (actual sales were less than two-thirds of what they forecasted).  While the phone camera’s image might not quite match the quality of a comparable digital camera, it has gotten good enough to act as an adequate substitute thus dramatically decreasing demand for digital cameras.  The digital camera market is currently reacting to this shift in demand but we currently still see companies trying to decrease their supply and find viable ways to stay in business.  This adjustment will ultimately result in companies (or at least product lines) being forced out of the market. In order to survive, Olympus is going to need to make drastic changes. 

Next, there is a high likelihood that the WNBA (Women’s National Basketball Association) might take a major hit in the next twelve to eighteen months.  “The Chicago Sun Times reported back in 2011 that ‘The majority of WNBA teams are believed to have lost money each year, with the NBA subsidizing some of the losses.’”  These losses are likely attributable to the very low attendance at each game.  The NBA average attendance is around 18,000 fans while average attendance for WNBA is less than half that.  Economically speaking, this means that some percentage of every ticket purchased for an NBA team is helping pay for and sustain the WNBA.  Because the demand clearly isn’t there, from an economic perspective, the company should go away.  It’s simply not a sustainable venture.  The article suggests that the primary reason the WNBA has lasted as long as it has is because the commissioner of the NBA (David Stern) has been a “champion and protector” of it.  He however, is set to retire in early 2014.  The jury’s out on whether the WNBA will survive the change in commissioner. 

These two examples illustrate different ways in which demand (or the lack thereof) can have a dramatic impact on businesses and their longevity in the marketplace.  Companies unwilling to adapt to the marketplace, or find a niche within the market are likely to disappear along with the vast number of startups who never make it to their five year anniversary.  

Government Shutdown - Economic Impact on Southern Utah

Economic concepts tend to make more sense to me when demonstrated through real life examples.  As a resident of Southern Utah I have been intrigued by the economic impact of the government shutdown on the local and state economy.  Holding true to the concept of locality I would like to reference and base some of my thoughts from a Ksl.com article entitled, "Visitors Return to Zion National Park, Neighboring Businesses."  In summary, this article discusses the welcome opening of the park and that event's impact on the local economy.

With a basic understanding of supply and demand, it is obvious to see the economic impact that has taken place due to the shutdown.  As the park shutdown there was no available supply of park activities for tourists.  While the park remained closed the demand was still present.  The demand for access to park activities contributed to the State of Utah paying to open the parks.  As park access was eliminated the volume of tourists visiting the surrounding communities decreased significantly.  Fewer tourists caused a decrease in demand for local amenities such as food, lodging and other related activities.  As the demand for these services decreased the revenue for local companies plummeted.  

The State of Utah took notice of the eliminated supply of national park and monument amenities and associated loss of revenue.  The state did two important things.  To address the demand for tourist activities state parks and monuments were advertised as substitutes.  Providing substitutes supplied some activities to meet the demand.  These substitutes kept a portion of potentially foregone revenue within the state. Eventually, the State of Utah took note of decreasing revenue for the tourist industry and funded the opening of national parks and monuments and restored the associated supply.  

The State of Utah has only funded theses national parks and monuments for 10 days at a cost of $167,000 per day.  If the parks close again similar changes in demand and supply will likely occur.  I believe there to be a positive correlation between the length of the government shutdown and level or uncertainty and risk.  I believe that if the 10 days of funding expire and the government is still shut down, the uncertainty and risk will cause an overall decrease in demand and tourists visiting the area.  

It has been interesting for me to observe the workings of the economy on such a local and personal scale through the closing of national parks and monuments. I hope the best for our local economy.  

http://www.ksl.com/index.php?sid=27224616&nid=148&title=visitors-return-to-zion-national-park-neighboring-businesses

Some Impacts of the Government Shutdown

The ongoing government shutdown has been a great source of debate within the country and a great dissatisfaction for the nation's elected representatives, Congress.  This shutdown has had negative impacts on various stakeholders, whether directly or indirectly.  For example, furloughed governmental employees and military personnel have been obviously been affected, yet certain businesses that rely on governmental land or operations have also been impacted.  An article entitled “Shutdown Costs at $1.6 Billion With $160 Million Each Day” discusses, among other things, an individual business’s loss in revenues due to the Grand Canyon being shut down.  This business provides guided raft tours down the Colorado River (through the Grand Canyon) and has lost an estimated $80,000 in revenues from just one week.  Unfortunately, this loss of revenue will not be reimbursed (unlike some of the government furloughs) once the shutdown is over.  If the shutdown continues, then the firm will have a more difficult time covering its fixed costs and could eventually leave the industry.  There are surely many other examples of private, small firms that have been negative externalities of the government shutdown.

The shutdown has also impacted consumer expectations for the future.  Another article entitled “Economic Confidence Plummets as Gov't Shutdown Begins” discusses the plummeting economic confidence, which is based on two important components: first, one’s individual assessment of the current economy, and second, which direction the individual feels the economy is headed.  The plummet in consumer confidence implies that consumers have a bleak assessment for the current and/or future of the economy. This impacts current consumer purchasing trends.  In this case, consumers are likely to save more of their discretionary income and spend less.  The author of the article suggests that the direction of economic confidence will reverse and improve once the government shutdown is resolved.  However, If the shutdown is not resolved, then consumer purchases will continue to drop, which will continue to decrease demand of normal goods and hurt sellers of products and services, especially luxury goods.

Shutdown means workers furloughed, death benefits halted

The U.S. government shutdown has negatively impacted many U.S. citizens, which can result in negatively impacting the U.S. economy. The following article http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765639090/Shutdown-means-workers-furloughed-death-benefits-halted.html states that about 800,000 federal employees were furloughed on Tuesday. This means that these employees will not get paid and cannot work until the U.S. government starts fully operating again. If the government continues to be shut down, demand in luxury goods and non-essential goods will eventually shift to the left because the U.S. employees will no longer have the money to purchase those goods. Instead, they will have to focus on paying essential items such as mortgages, bills, etc. The article also states that the lost wages will start to have a ripple effect throughout the U.S. economy, resulting in at least $300 million in lost output each day. This loss can eventually affect the global economy. If this occurs global demand in non-essential goods will shift to the left because consumers will not have the money to purchase those goods. However, most likely demand in inferior goods like canned soup, peanut butter, etc. will shift to the right because the incomes of the federal employees has decreased.

Home-price growth fastest in more than seven years

According to the article from the Wall Street Journal http://www.marketwatch.com/story/home-price-growth-fastest-in-more-than-seven-years-2013-10-01, home prices across the U.S. have accelerated to the fastest pace since 2006. Compared to last year, home prices have increased by 12.4%. The continued increase in home prices will eventually lead to a decrease in the quantity demand of homes. Also, the article states that the rising mortgage rates are starting to slow the housing price increase. A reason for the increasing mortgage rates is due to speculation stated in May about the Federal Reserve scaling back on its asset-purchase program. As a result, a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage has increased by one percentage point. Increasing mortgage rates will lead to a decrease in quantity demand for homes or shift the quantity demand upward on the demand curve. My wife and I are in the process of purchasing a home. We currently live in Lehi and hoped to find our new home in Lehi during the house search. However, the prices of homes in Lehi increased rapidly and we were priced out of the housing market there. Due to the rapid increase in homes, the quantity demand for homes in Lehi has decreased (quantity demand shifted upward on the demand curve) for people with a certain income and below. However, if mortgage rates decrease, the quantity demand can shift down and allow those individuals priced out of the market previously to purchase homes in Lehi.

Switching to a hybrid

What will it take for me to switch to a hybrid or electric car ask Richard Read in the article “If Gas Goes Up $1, What Does it Mean for Auto Sales?”  Research suggest no amount of price hike will increase the rate at which consumers switch to hybrids and electric cars. “If encouraging them to do so is a goal of the auto industry, the government, or some other authority, Experian's data suggests that it's going to take something other than gas taxes to get the ball rolling”

Right now with the average gas price in Utah at $3.523 per gallon, I have no intention of making the switch to a more fuel efficient vehicle. Gasoline is an inelastic good, meaning if the price per gallon reaches $4.50, I would still have to drive my car to work, school, supermarket, etc... The price of gasoline would have to be north of $5.00 a gallon for me to drastically adjust my driving habits or consider purchasing a hybrid vehicle; unfortunately experts believe it is only a matter of time before federal tax on gasoline increases which hasn't happened in 20 years.

With that being said, rising gas prices do effect my spending habits.  As “Gas Prices: How Real Is the Damage?”  explains that each $.01 increase in a gallon of gas redirects $1 billion of consumer spending away from other goods over the course of the year.  For example here in St. George we live a short 90 minute drive from Las Vegas. Many of us drive down there to go shopping at the many retail outlets and malls because the selection and prices are better than here in southern Utah. The higher gasoline prices have made us spend less on purchases in order to balance our budget.

The NFL and International Expansion

Since 2005, the NFL has hosted at least one regular season game outside of the United States in a series known as the “NFL International Series”. To date, NFL games have been played in Mexico City (x1), London (x7), and Toronto (x5). The most recent game was played this last Sunday at Wembley Stadium in London, England. London will host one more regular season game this year on October 27, making it the eighth time the NFL has played in England. It has recently been confirmed that the Jacksonville Jaguars will play as the home team at Wembley once a year until 2016.

The NFL has been pushing hard for more international awareness in recent years. From the span of mid-September through mid-October, all NFL fields display the “NFL Futbol Americano” logo in celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month. Although efforts like this may show an increase in international demand for NFL games, they are not necessarily bringing in foreign talent, however. In fact, among professional sports in the United States, the NFL ranks last when it comes to the number of foreign-born athletes. Only 2.5% of active roster players in the NFL were born outside of the U.S. That percentage is extremely low when compared to the MLB and the NBA, which are 34.5% and 22.8%, respectively.

There are some who believe that a foreign NFL expansion team is on the horizon. According to an article in The Independent, London would be a serious contender for such an expansion. In fact Roger Maslin, the Managing Director of Wembley Stadium, has said, “If they were bringing it anywhere in the world, we want it here”. London would actually be one of the few places internationally that is immediately NFL-ready. The fan base is there, the stadium is there (as Wembley Stadium has a capacity of 90,000, which is even larger than the 70,700 average capacity among NFL stadiums), and the financial viability is there. On paper, it appears as though London is in prime position to one day receive its own NFL expansion team.

If that were to happen, not only will the international fan base skyrocket but potential worldwide revenue could do the same. There are some who disagree, however. According to sports business expert Simon Chadwick, “The NFL is one of those sports that is deeply socio-culturally embedded -- it is quintessentially American, which means it only has limited appeal outside its core markets” Whether the NFL would succeed with a permanent international presence is to be speculated. As for me, the more worldwide appreciation for the game of American football the better.